Rose Wilder Lane
(December 5, 1886, De Smet, Dakota Territory – October 30, 1968, Danbury, Connecticut)
American journalist, travel writer, novelist, and political theorist.
Rose
Wilder was first child of Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder and Almanzo
Wilder. Rose was their only child to survive into adulthood. Her
mother, as author Laura Ingalls Wilder, wrote a series of children’s
books about her life in the 1930s and 40s, that are now generally known
as “The Little House” books. They continue to be in print, and the tv
series of the 1970s and 80s produced by Michael Landon entitled “Little
House On The Prairie” (the series title was taken from the second book
in the series) was adapted from the book series.
Lane’s early
years were difficult ones for her parents, the result of successive crop
failures, illnesses and chronic economic hardships. During her
childhood, Lane moved with her family several times, living with
relatives in Minnesota and then Florida, briefly returning to De Smet,
South Dakota, before the family finally settled in Mansfield, Missouri,
in 1894, where her parents eventually established a dairy and fruit
farm. Lane attended high schools in Mansfield and Crowley, Louisiana,
(where her father’s sister, Eliza Jane Wilder Thayer, had settled),
graduating at the top of her high school class in Crowley in 1904.
Lane’s ability to compress three years of Latin into one more than
earned her the top spot in her graduating class.
Despite this
academic success, her parents’ financial situation placed college out of
reach and her formal schooling was over. After high school graduation
she returned to her parents’ farm and learned telegraphy at the
Mansfield railroad station where the station master was the father of a
school friend. Wilder worked for Western Union in Kansas City as a
telegrapher. She worked as a telegrapher in Missouri, Indiana and
California for the next five years.
In 1909, she married salesman
and occasional newspaperman Clare Gillette Lane. Around 1910, Lane bore
a son who was either stillborn or died shortly after birth.
Complications from subsequent surgery appear to have left Lane unable to
bear more children. The details of the child’s death remain vague; the
topic is mentioned only briefly in a handful of existing letters,
written years later to express sympathy and understanding to close
friends who were also dealing with the loss of a child.
For the
next few years Lane and her husband traveled around the US working
various marketing and promotional schemes. Letters to her parents
described a happy-go-lucky existence with both Lane and her husband
traversing the US several times and working a variety of jobs, both
together and separately. However, in diary entries and subsequent
published autobiographical pieces concerning this time, Lane
described herself as depressed and disillusioned with her marriage,
caught in the tension arising from the recognition that her intelligence
and interests did not mesh with the life she was living with her
husband.
One account even had her attempting suicide by drugging herself with
chloroform, only to awake with a headache and a renewed sense of purpose
in life.
During this time Lane read voraciously and taught
herself several languages. Her writing career began around 1910, with
occasional free-lance newspaper jobs that earned much needed extra cash.
Between 1912 and 1914, Lane – one of the earliest female real estate
agents in California – and her husband sold farm land in what is now the
San Jose/Silicon Valley area of northern California. It made sense for
the two to work separately to earn separate commissions, and Lane turned
out to be the better salesperson of the two. The marriage foundered,
there were several periods of separation, and eventually an amicable
divorce in 1918. Lane’s diaries reveal subsequent romantic involvements
with several men in the years after her divorce, but she never
remarried.
The threat of America’s entry into World War I had
seriously weakened the real estate market, so in early 1915 Lane
accepted a friend’s offer of a stopgap job as an editorial assistant on
the staff of the San Francisco Bulletin. The stopgap turned into a
watershed. She immediately caught the attention of her editors not only
through her talents as a writer in her own right, but also as a highly
skilled editor for other writers. Before long, Rose Wilder Lane’s photo
and byline were running in the Bulletin daily. She easily churned out
formulaic romantic fiction serials that would run for weeks at a time.
Her first-hand accounts of the lives of Henry Ford, Charlie Chaplin,
Jack London, and Herbert Hoover were published in book form.
In
1915, Lane’s mother, Laura Ingalls Wilder, visited for several months.
Together they attended the Panama-Pacific International Exposition; many
details of this visit and Lane’s daily life in 1915 are preserved in
Wilder’s letters to her husband and are available in West from Home,
published by Lane’s heir in 1974. Although Lane’s diaries indicate she
was separated from her husband in 1915, Wilder’s letters do not indicate
this. Gillette Lane was recorded as living with his wife, although
unemployed and looking for work during his mother-in-law’s two month
visit. It seems the separation was either covered up for her mother’s visit, or had not yet involved separate households.
By
1918, Lane had quit her job with the San Francisco Bulletin to launch a
career as a freelance writer. From this period through the early 1940s,
Lane’s work regularly appeared in leading publications such as
Harper’s, Saturday Evening Post, Sunset, Good Housekeeping, and Ladies’
Home Journal. Several of her short stories were nominated for O. Henry
Prizes and a few novels became top sellers.
Lane was also the
first biographer of Herbert Hoover, writing The Making of Herbert Hoover
in 1920 in collaboration with Charles K. Field, editor of Sunset
magazine. She was a friend and defender of Hoover for the remainder of
her life, and many of her personal papers reside in the Rose Wilder Lane
Collection at the Herbert Hoover Library in West Branch, Iowa. Lane’s
papers contain little actual correspondence between Hoover and herself,
but the Hoover Post-Presidential Individual series contains a file of
Lane correspondence that spans from 1936–1963.
In the late 1920s,
she was one of the highest-paid female writers in America, and counted
among her friends Sinclair Lewis, Isabel Paterson, Dorothy Thompson and
Lowell Thomas. Despite this success, Lane’s compulsive generosity with
her family and friends often found her strapped for cash and forced to
work on material that paid well, but did not engage her growing
interests in political theory and world history. She suffered from
periodic bouts of self-doubt and depression in mid-life, diagnosing
herself as manic-depressive (now more commonly known as bipolar disorder).
During these times of depression, when she was unable to move ahead
with her own writing, Lane would easily find work as a ghostwriter or
“silent” editor for other well-known writers.
Lane’s occasional
work as a traveling war correspondent began with a stint with the
American Red Cross Publicity Bureau in post-WWI Europe and continued
though 1965, when at the age of 78, she was reporting from Vietnam for
Woman’s Day magazine, providing “a woman’s point of view.” She traveled
extensively in Europe and Asia as part of the Red Cross. In 1926, Lane,
author Helen Dore Boylston and their French maid traveled from France to
Albania in a car they had named “Zenobia”. An account of the journey,
Travels With Zenobia: Paris to Albania by Model T Ford was published in
1983 by her heir. Lane became enamored with Albania, and lived there for
several long periods during the 1920s, spaced between sojourns to Paris
and her parents’ Rocky Ridge Farm in Missouri. She informally adopted a
young Albanian boy named Rexh Meta, who she claimed saved her life on a
dangerous mountain trek; she later sponsored his education at Oxford
University in England.
In 1928, Lane returned to the U.S. to live
on her parents’ farm and there she took in and educated two local
orphaned brothers. In 1938, Lane purchased a rural home outside of
Danbury, Connecticut, where she spent the remainder of her life.
The
stock market crash of 1929, which wiped out both Lane’s and her
parents’ investments. The ensuing Great Depression further reduced the
market for her writing, and she found herself isolated and depressed at
Rocky Ridge Farm, struggling to maintain her commitments to support
herself, her adopted children and her elderly parents, who had retired
from active farming with Lane’s encouragement and financial support. Her
ghostwriting jobs increased at this time, because her depression tended
to affect her ability to generate ideas for her own writing projects.
In
late 1930, her mother approached her with a rough, first-person
narrative manuscript outlining her hardscrabble pioneer childhood,
titled Pioneer Girl. Lane, using her well-developed sense of what was
marketable, took notice. She recognized that an American public weary of
the Depression would respond warmly to the story of the loving,
self-sufficient and determined Ingalls family overcoming obstacles while
maintaining their sense of independence, as told through the eyes of
the spunky Laura as she matured from ages five to eighteen. Despite
Lane’s efforts to market Pioneer Girl through her publishing
connections, the manuscript was resoundingly rejected, although one
editor recommended crafting a novel for children out of the beginning.
Wilder and Lane worked on this project, thus producing “Little House in
the Big Woods”, which was accepted by Harper & Row in late 1931. The
success of the book resulted in the decision to continue the series,
following young Laura Ingalls into young adulthood.
It remains
unclear whether Laura Ingalls Wilder was a naturally skilled novelist
who never discovered her talents until her sixties, with Lane’s only
contribution to her mother’s success her encouragement and her
established connections in the publishing world, or if Lane essentially
took her mother’s unpublishable raw manuscripts in hand and completely
(and silently) ghostwrote the series of books we know today. The truth
appears to lie somewhere between these two positions — Wilder’s writing
career as a rural journalist and a credible essayist began more than
two decades before the Little House series, and Lane’s formidable
editing and ghostwriting skills are well-documented. The existing
written evidence (including ongoing correspondence between the women
concerning the development of the multi-volume series, Lane’s extensive
personal diaries detailing the time she spent working on the
manuscripts, and Wilder’s own initial draft manuscripts) tends to reveal
an ongoing mutual collaboration that involved Lane more extensively in
the earlier books, and to a much lesser extent by the time the series
ended, as Wilder’s confidence in her own writing ability increased, and
Lane was no longer living at Rocky Ridge Farm. Lane insisted to the end
that she considered her role to be little more than that of an adviser
to her mother, despite much documentation to the contrary.
Many
of Lane’s most popular short stories and her two most commercially
successful novels were written at this time and were fueled by material
which was taken directly from her mother’s recollections of
Ingalls-Wilder family folklore—Let the Hurricane Roar (later retitled
Young Pioneers) and Free Land, both addressed the difficulties of
homesteading in the Dakotas in the late 19th century, and how the “free
land” in fact cost many homesteaders their life savings. Let The
Hurricane Roar was based on the early life of Lane’s grandparents-who
would be know to future generations as Caroline “Ma” Ingalls and Charles
“Pa” Ingalls. Free Land was based on the early years of her Lane’s own
parents’ marriage and included members of both sides of the family.
The Saturday Evening Post paid Lane large fees to serialize both novels,
and both were also adapted for highly popular radio performances. The
Young Pioneers would later be adapted into a TV movie in the 1970s.
During
World War II, Lane had one of the most remarkable, but little studied,
phases of her career. From 1942 to 1945, she wrote a weekly column for
The Pittsburgh Courier, the most widely read American Black newspaper.
Rather
than hiding or trimming her laissez faire views, she seized the chance
to sell them to the readership. She sought out topics of special
interests of her audience. Her first entry glowingly characterized the
Double V Campaign as part of the more general fight for individual
liberty in American history.
“Here, at last, is a place where I belong,” she wrote of her new job.
“Here are the Americans who know the value of equality and freedom.”
Her columns highlighted black success stories to illustrate broader
themes about entrepreneurship, freedom, and creativity. In one, she
compared the accomplishments of Robert Vann and Henry Ford. Vann’s rags
to riches story illustrated the benefits in a “capitalist society in
which a penniless orphan, one of a despised minority can create The
Pittsburgh Courier and publicly, vigorously, safely, attack a majority
opinion” while Ford’s showed how a poor mechanic can create “hundreds of
jobs … putting even beggars into cars.”
She combined advocacy of
laissez faire and antiracism. The views she expressed on race were
strikingly similar to those of Zora Neale Hurston, a fellow
individualist and writer who was Black.
Lane’s columns
emphasized the arbitrariness of racial categories and stressed the
centrality of the individual. Instead of indulging in the “ridiculous,
idiotic and tragic fallacy of ‘race,’ [by] which a minority of the
earth’s population has deluded itself during the past century”, it was
time for all Americans (black and white) to “renounce their race”.
Judging by skin color was comparable to the Communists who assigned
guilt or virtue on the basis of class. In her view, the fallacies of
race and class hearkened to the “old English-feudal ‘class’
distinction.” The collectivists, including the New Dealers, were to
blame for filling “young minds with fantasies of ‘races’ and ‘classes’
and ‘the masses,’ all controlled by pagan gods, named Economic
Determinism or Society or Government.”
In the early 1940s,
despite continuing requests from editors for both fiction and
non-fiction material, Lane turned away from commercial writing and
became known as one of the most influential American libertarians of the
middle 20th century. She vehemently opposed the New Deal, perceived
“creeping socialism,” Social Security, wartime rationing and all forms
of taxation, claiming she ceased writing highly paid commercial fiction
to protest paying income taxes. She cut her income and expenses to the
bare minimum, and lived a modern-day version of her ancestors’ pioneer
life on her rural land near Danbury, Connecticut. Literary critic and
political writer Isabel Paterson had urged the move to Connecticut,
where she would be only “up country a few miles” from Paterson, who had
been a friend for many years.
A staunch opponent of communism
after experiencing it first hand in the Soviet Union during her Red
Cross travels, Lane wrote the seminal The Discovery of Freedom (1943),
and tirelessly promoted and wrote about individual freedom, and its
impact on humanity. The same year also saw the publication of Isabel
Paterson’s The God of the Machine and Ayn Rand’s novel The Fountainhead,
and the three women have been referred to as the founding mothers of
the American libertarian movement with the publication of these works.
Writer
Albert Jay Nock wrote that Lane’s and Paterson’s nonfiction works were
“the only intelligible books on the philosophy of individualism that
have been written in America this century.”
The two women had
“shown the male world of this period how to think fundamentally … They
don’t fumble and fiddle around—every shot goes straight to the centre.”
Journalist John Chamberlain credits Rand, Paterson and Lane with his
final “conversion” from socialism to what he called “an older American
philosophy” of libertarian and conservative ideas.
In 1943, Lane
was thrust into the national spotlight through her response to a radio
poll on Social Security. She mailed in a post-card with a response
likening the Social Security system to a Ponzi scheme that would
ultimately destroy the US. The subsequent events remain unclear, but
wartime monitoring of the mails eventually resulted in a Connecticut
State Trooper being dispatched to her farmhouse (supposedly at the
request of the FBI) to question her motives. Lane’s vehement response to
this infringement on her right of free speech resulted in a flurry of
newspaper articles and the publishing of a pamphlet, “What is this, the
Gestapo?,” that was meant to remind Americans to be watchful of their
rights, despite the wartime exigencies.
There was an FBI file compiled on Lane during this time, which is now available under the Freedom of Information Act.
As
Lane grew older, her political opinions solidified as a fundamentalist
libertarian, and her defense of what she considered to be basic American
principles of liberty and freedom could become harsh and abrasive in
the face of disagreement. She broke with her old friend and political
ally, Isabel Paterson in 1946, and, in the 1950s, had an acrimonious
correspondence with writer Max Eastman.
During the 1940s and
through the 1950s, Lane played a hands-on role in launching the
“libertarian movement”, a term she apparently coined, and began an
extensive correspondence with figures such as DuPont executive Jasper
Crane and writers Frank Meyer and Ayn Rand. Lane wrote book reviews for
the National Economic Council and later for the Volker Fund, out of
which grew the Institute for Humane Studies. Later, she lectured at, and
gave generous financial support to, the Freedom School headed by
libertarian Robert LeFevre.
With her mother’s death in 1957, use
of the Rocky Ridge Farm house reverted to the farmer who had earlier
bought the surrounding land. The local townfolk put together a
non-profit corporation to purchase the house and its grounds, for use as
a museum. After some wariness at the notion of seeing the house rather
than the books themselves be a shrine to her mother, Lane came to
believe that making a museum of it would draw long-lasting attention to
the books. She donated the money needed to purchase the house and make
it a museum, agreed to make significant contributions each year for its
upkeep and also gave many of the family’s belongings to help establish
what became a popular museum which still draws thousands of visitors
each year to Mansfield. Her lifetime inheritance of Wilder’s growing
Little House royalties put an end to Lane’s self-enforced modest
lifestyle; she began to travel extensively again, and thoroughly
renovated and remodeled her Connecticut home.
During the 1960s,
Lane revived her own commercial writing career by publishing several
popular magazine series, including one about her remarkable tour of the
Vietnam war zone in late 1965.
Lane wrote an immensely popular book detailing the history of
American needlework (with a strong libertarian undercurrent) for Woman’s
Day and edited and published On The Way Home, providing an
autobiographical setting around her mother’s original 1894 diary of
their six week journey from South Dakota to Missouri. This book was
intended to serve as the capstone to the Little House series, for those
many fans who since Wilder’s death were now writing to Lane asking,
“what happened next?”. She contributed book reviews to the influential
William Volker Fund, and continued to work on extensive revisions to The
Discovery of Freedom, which she never completed.
Lane was the
adoptive “grandmother” and mentor to Roger MacBride, best known as the
Libertarian Party’s 1976 candidate for President of the United States.
MacBride was the son of one of Lane’s editors with whom she formed a
close bond when he was a young boy; she later admitted that she was
grooming him to be a future Libertarian thought leader. In addition to
being her close friend, he also became her attorney and business manager
and ultimately the heir to the Little House series and the
multi-million dollar franchise that he built around it after Lane’s
death.
The last of the many protégés to be taken under Lane’s
wing was the sister of her Vietnamese interpreter; impressed by the
young girl’s intelligence, she helped to bring her to the United States
and sponsored her enrollment in college.
Rose Wilder Lane died in
her sleep at the age of 81, on October 30, 1968, just as she was about
to depart on a three-year world tour. She was the last surviving member
of Charles Ingalls’ family line as his daughter Laura Ingalls Wilder
(Lane’s mother) was the only one of his four daughters to have children.